Plagiarism detection from encrypted documents

ABSTRACT

An example operation may include one or more of receiving a request to verify a first encrypted document from a computing device, retrieving a second set of encrypted tokens of a second encrypted document from a blockchain, determining a similarity value of the first encrypted document with respect to the second encrypted document based on a first set of encrypted tokens in the first encrypted document and the second set of encrypted tokens in the second encrypted document, and outputting the determined similarity value to the computing device in response to the request.

BACKGROUND

A centralized platform stores and maintains data in a single location.This location is often a central computer, for example, a cloudcomputing environment, a web server, a mainframe computer, or the like.Information stored on a centralized platform is typically accessiblefrom multiple different points. Multiple users or client workstationscan work simultaneously on the centralized platform, for example, basedon a client/server configuration. A centralized platform is easy tomanage, maintain, and control, especially for purposes of securitybecause of its single location. Within a centralized platform, dataredundancy is minimized as a single storing place of all data alsoimplies that a given set of data only has one primary record.

SUMMARY

One example embodiment provides an apparatus that includes a processorconfigured to one or more of receive a request to verify a firstencrypted document from a computing device, retrieve a second set ofencrypted tokens of a second encrypted document from a blockchain,determine a similarity value of the first encrypted document withrespect to the second encrypted document based on a first set ofencrypted tokens in the first encrypted document and the second set ofencrypted tokens in the second encrypted document, and output thedetermined similarity value to the computing device in response to therequest.

Another example embodiment provides a method that includes one or moreof receiving a request to verify a first encrypted document from acomputing device, retrieving a second set of encrypted tokens of asecond encrypted document from a blockchain, determining a similarityvalue of the first encrypted document with respect to the secondencrypted document based on a first set of encrypted tokens in the firstencrypted document and the second set of encrypted tokens in the secondencrypted document, and outputting the determined similarity value tothe computing device in response to the request.

A further example embodiment provides a non-transitory computer-readablemedium comprising instructions, that when read by a processor, cause theprocessor to perform one or more of receiving a request to verify afirst encrypted document from a computing device, retrieving a secondset of encrypted tokens of a second encrypted document from ablockchain, determining a similarity value of the first encrypteddocument with respect to the second encrypted document based on a firstset of encrypted tokens in the first encrypted document and the secondset of encrypted tokens in the second encrypted document, and outputtingthe determined similarity value to the computing device in response tothe request.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a blockchain network for plagiarismdetection according to example embodiments.

FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example blockchain architectureconfiguration, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating a blockchain transactional flow amongnodes, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating a permissioned network, according toexample embodiments.

FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating another permissioned network,according to example embodiments.

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating a permissionless network, according toexample embodiments.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating a process of generating encryptedtokens and encrypted frequency of occurrence values from a documentaccording to example embodiments.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating a process of cleaning tokens andcreating an encrypted token vector according to example embodiments.

FIG. 4C is a diagram illustrating a process of comparing encryptedattributes of two documents to determine a similarity value according toexample embodiments.

FIG. 4D is a diagram illustrating a process of detecting insurance fraudbased on a comparison of encrypted documents according to exampleembodiments.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a method of determining a similaritybetween encrypted document according to example embodiments.

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example system configured toperform one or more operations described herein, according to exampleembodiments.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating another example system configured toperform one or more operations described herein, according to exampleembodiments.

FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating a further example system configured toutilize a smart contract, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 6D is a diagram illustrating yet another example system configuredto utilize a blockchain, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a process of a new block being addedto a distributed ledger, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating data contents of a new data block,according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7C is a diagram illustrating a blockchain for digital content,according to example embodiments.

FIG. 7D is a diagram illustrating a block which may represent thestructure of blocks in the blockchain, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating an example blockchain which storesmachine learning (artificial intelligence) data, according to exampleembodiments.

FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating an example quantum-secure blockchain,according to example embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example system that supports one ormore of the example embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will be readily understood that the instant components, as generallydescribed and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged anddesigned in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, thefollowing detailed description of the embodiments of at least one of amethod, apparatus, non-transitory computer readable medium and system,as represented in the attached figures, is not intended to limit thescope of the application as claimed but is merely representative ofselected embodiments.

The instant features, structures, or characteristics as describedthroughout this specification may be combined or removed in any suitablemanner in one or more embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases“example embodiments”, “some embodiments”, or other similar language,throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particularfeature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with theembodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearancesof the phrases “example embodiments”, “in some embodiments”, “in otherembodiments”, or other similar language, throughout this specificationdo not necessarily all refer to the same group of embodiments, and thedescribed features, structures, or characteristics may be combined orremoved in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Further, inthe diagrams, any connection between elements can permit one-way and/ortwo-way communication even if the depicted connection is a one-way ortwo-way arrow. Also, any device depicted in the drawings can be adifferent device. For example, if a mobile device is shown sendinginformation, a wired device could also be used to send the information.

In addition, while the term “message” may have been used in thedescription of embodiments, the application may be applied to many typesof networks and data. Furthermore, while certain types of connections,messages, and signaling may be depicted in exemplary embodiments, theapplication is not limited to a certain type of connection, message, andsignaling.

Example embodiments provide methods, systems, components, non-transitorycomputer readable media, devices, and/or networks, which are directed toa detection system that can detect plagiarism within an encrypteddocument.

In one embodiment this application utilizes a decentralized database(such as a blockchain) that is a distributed storage system, whichincludes multiple nodes that communicate with each other. Thedecentralized database includes an append-only immutable data structureresembling a distributed ledger capable of maintaining records betweenmutually untrusted parties. The untrusted parties are referred to hereinas peers or peer nodes. Each peer maintains a copy of the databaserecords and no single peer can modify the database records without aconsensus being reached among the distributed peers. For example, thepeers may execute a consensus protocol to validate blockchain storagetransactions, group the storage transactions into blocks, and build ahash chain over the blocks. This process forms the ledger by orderingthe storage transactions, as is necessary, for consistency. In variousembodiments, a permissioned and/or a permissionless blockchain can beused. In a public or permission-less blockchain, anyone can participatewithout a specific identity. Public blockchains can involve nativecryptocurrency and use consensus based on various protocols such asProof of Work (PoW). On the other hand, a permissioned blockchaindatabase provides secure interactions among a group of entities whichshare a common goal but which do not fully trust one another, such asbusinesses that exchange funds, goods, information, and the like.

This application can utilize a blockchain that operates arbitrary,programmable logic, tailored to a decentralized storage scheme andreferred to as “smart contracts” or “chaincodes.” In some cases,specialized chaincodes may exist for management functions and parameterswhich are referred to as system chaincode. The application can furtherutilize smart contracts that are trusted distributed applications whichleverage tamper-proof properties of the blockchain database and anunderlying agreement between nodes, which is referred to as anendorsement or endorsement policy. Blockchain transactions associatedwith this application can be “endorsed” before being committed to theblockchain while transactions, which are not endorsed, are disregarded.An endorsement policy allows chaincode to specify endorsers for atransaction in the form of a set of peer nodes that are necessary forendorsement. When a client sends the transaction to the peers specifiedin the endorsement policy, the transaction is executed to validate thetransaction. After validation, the transactions enter an ordering phasein which a consensus protocol is used to produce an ordered sequence ofendorsed transactions grouped into blocks.

This application can utilize nodes that are the communication entitiesof the blockchain system. A “node” may perform a logical function in thesense that multiple nodes of different types can run on the samephysical server. Nodes are grouped in trust domains and are associatedwith logical entities that control them in various ways. Nodes mayinclude different types, such as a client or submitting-client nodewhich submits a transaction-invocation to an endorser (e.g., peer), andbroadcasts transaction-proposals to an ordering service (e.g., orderingnode). Another type of node is a peer node which can receive clientsubmitted transactions, commit the transactions and maintain a state anda copy of the ledger of blockchain transactions. Peers can also have therole of an endorser, although it is not a requirement. Anordering-service-node or orderer is a node running the communicationservice for all nodes, and which implements a delivery guarantee, suchas a broadcast to each of the peer nodes in the system when committingtransactions and modifying a world state of the blockchain, which isanother name for the initial blockchain transaction which normallyincludes control and setup information.

This application can utilize a ledger that is a sequenced,tamper-resistant record of all state transitions of a blockchain. Statetransitions may result from chaincode invocations (i.e., transactions)submitted by participating parties (e.g., client nodes, ordering nodes,endorser nodes, peer nodes, etc.). Each participating party (such as apeer node) can maintain a copy of the ledger. A transaction may resultin a set of asset key-value pairs being committed to the ledger as oneor more operands, such as creates, updates, deletes, and the like. Theledger includes a blockchain (also referred to as a chain) which is usedto store an immutable, sequenced record in blocks. The ledger alsoincludes a state database which maintains a current state of theblockchain.

This application can utilize a chain that is a transaction log which isstructured as hash-linked blocks, and each block contains a sequence ofN transactions where N is equal to or greater than one. The block headerincludes a hash of the block's transactions, as well as a hash of theprior block's header. In this way, all transactions on the ledger may besequenced and cryptographically linked together. Accordingly, it is notpossible to tamper with the ledger data without breaking the hash links.A hash of a most recently added blockchain block represents everytransaction on the chain that has come before it, making it possible toensure that all peer nodes are in a consistent and trusted state. Thechain may be stored on a peer node file system (i.e., local, attachedstorage, cloud, etc.), efficiently supporting the append-only nature ofthe blockchain workload.

The current state of the immutable ledger represents the latest valuesfor all keys that are included in the chain transaction log. Since thecurrent state represents the latest key values known to a channel, it issometimes referred to as a world state. Chaincode invocations executetransactions against the current state data of the ledger. To make thesechaincode interactions efficient, the latest values of the keys may bestored in a state database. The state database may be simply an indexedview into the chain's transaction log, it can therefore be regeneratedfrom the chain at any time. The state database may automatically berecovered (or generated if needed) upon peer node startup, and beforetransactions are accepted.

The detection system described herein may be integrated within ablockchain network, for example, via a smart contract, a blockchainpeer, a combination thereof, etc. Comparison of encrypted documents maybe performed on-chain. Each unique word inside a document may beconsidered a token. For example, in the phrase “apples are my favoritefruit while bananas are my second favorite fruit”, the unique tokens are“apples”, “are”, “my”, “favorite”, “fruit”, “while”, “bananas”, and“second”. Here, the detection system may create a set of tokensrepresenting the unique set of words. Furthermore, the detection systemmay encrypt each token using a key that is derived from the respectivetoken. For example, the key used to encrypt a token may be a hash of thetoken. In the example provided, the key for the token “apple” may be ahash(apple). Thus, the encryption performed on the tokens can beperformed using a key that is created by the token.

In addition, the detection system may identify a frequency value (e.g.,number of occurrences) of a token within the document and encrypt thefrequency value. In this case, the frequency value of a token may beencrypted using the same key that is used to encrypt the correspondingtoken. Here, the encryption may include an order preserving encryption(OPE) that preserves ordering but that still obfuscates the data. Forexample, the encryption scheme can be (key*plaintext), however, itshould be appreciated that this construction is for purposes of exampleonly and many encryption techniques may be used. Using this exampleencryption construction, assume the key has a value of five (5), whilein actuality, the key may be a much larger number. In the example above,the term “apples” appears once (1) in the document. Therefore, theencrypted frequency occurrence of “apples” may be (key value*plaintext)or (5*1=5). That is, the resulting ciphertext create by encrypting thefrequency occurrence value of 1 becomes 5. Meanwhile, the term“favorite” has a frequency occurrence of two (2) in the document. Inthis example, the encrypted frequency occurrence of “favorite” may be(5*2=10). In some embodiments, the encrypted tokens and the encryptedoccurrence value may be stored on the blockchain 130. For example, theencrypted tokens may be stored in vector form thereby enabling acomparison of the vector with vectors of other encrypted documents. Insome embodiments, the encrypted occurrence values may be stored inanother vector, or in the same vector as the encrypted frequency ofoccurrence values.

In some embodiments, the detection system can detect an occurrence ofplagiarism by comparing a first set of encrypted tokens and encryptedfrequency of occurrence values of a first encrypted document to a secondset of encrypted tokens and encrypted frequency of occurrence values ofa second document. If both the encrypted tokens and the encryptedfrequency of occurrence values between the first and second encrypteddocuments have enough overlap, the detection system may identify thatone document is a copy of the other.

Some of the benefits of the example embodiments is that the detectionsystem can transform documents into encrypted representations that canbe compared to one another for plagiarism. That is, even though thedocuments are encrypted, a similarity between the documents can bedetected using the encrypted representation. Furthermore, the detectionsystem can be integrated with a blockchain network to provide documentsecurity, document privacy, temporal ordering of documents, interactionamong multiple document owners, and the like. The document owners inthis case can be offline since the data may reside in its encrypted form(securely) on the blockchain ledger enabling peers and other nodes withaccess to the blockchain ledger to evaluate the encrypted documents forplagiarism without the actual document content being exposed.

In some embodiments, the document owner (or the detection system) mayencrypt a document using a bag of words technique in which tokens(unique words) within the document are extracted and converted into keys(hash values). The tokens, and a frequency at which the tokens occur,can then be compared to tokens/frequency of such tokens of otherencrypted documents to identify a similarity between the documents.Furthermore, no key management infrastructure is needed. The keys can bederived from the tokens themselves. The detection system can be extendedto multiple different blockchain frameworks. The similarity method ispluggable. Furthermore, different encryption schemes may be used toencrypt a document including AES for encrypting the document, messagelocked encryption for tokens, order preserving encryption for tokenfrequency, and the like.

FIG. 1 illustrates a blockchain network 100 for plagiarism detectionaccording to example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 1 , the blockchainnetwork 100 may include a plurality of blockchain peers 131-134 thatmanage a distributed ledger that includes a blockchain 130. Here, eachof the blockchain peers 131-134 may store a copy of the blockchain 130.Each of the blockchain peers 131-134 may upload encrypted documents forstorage on the blockchain 130. For example, user devices (e.g., userdevices 110 and 120) may submit encrypted documents 112 and 122,respectively, for storage to the blockchain 130. Here, each of the userdevices 110 and 120 may encrypt their respective documents 112 and 122and submit the encrypted documents to the blockchain 130. In addition,the user devices 110 and 120 may also create encrypted attributes foruse in plagiarism detection that may be uploaded along with theencrypted documents 112 and 122. The encrypted attributes may includetokens from the document that are encrypted using message lockedencryption (MLE) and frequency of occurrence values of the tokens thatare encrypted with order preserving encryption (OPE), as furtherdescribed in the examples of FIGS. 4A-4C.

According to various embodiments, each of the blockchain peers 131-134may include a program (e.g., a smart contract, etc.) that is configuredto detect whether an encrypted document plagiarizes another document. Inthis case, the program can compare the encrypted attributes of theencrypted documents to each other to determine a similarity value (e.g.,a score, etc.) In some embodiments, each time a new encrypted documentis uploaded to the blockchain 130 via one of the blockchain peers131-134, a plagiarism evaluation may be performed before the encrypteddocument is authorized for storage on the blockchain 130.

As another example, a user device or blockchain peer can request aplagiarism evaluation of an encrypted document at any time. For example,a user interface may be provided by the blockchain peers 131-134 thatallows a search/query of encrypted documents and a comparison. In someembodiments, the plagiarism detection program may perform the plagiarismevaluation on the entire corpus of documents stored on the blockchain130. In some embodiments, the plagiarism detection program mayautomatically filter all available documents on the blockchain 130 downto a smaller subset based on a type of document beinguploaded/evaluated.

In the example of FIG. 1 , the first user device 110 has previouslyuploaded an encrypted document 112 and encrypted attributes (encryptedtokens and encrypted frequency values) which are stored on theblockchain 130. Subsequently, the second user device 120 attempts toupload and store an encrypted document 122 to the blockchain 130. Here,the request to upload the encrypted document 122 is received by ablockchain peer 134 that includes the plagiarism detection programrunning therein. Next, the blockchain peer 134 may identify the firstencrypted document 112 as a similar type of document of the secondencrypted document 122, for example, based on the types of the twodocuments or the like. The blockchain peer 134 may execute theplagiarism detection function to determine a similarity value betweenencrypted attributes (tokens and frequency of occurrence values) of thenewly uploaded second encrypted document 122 and the encryptedattributes of the previously stored first encrypted document 112. Inthis case, the blockchain peer 134 does not decrypt either the firstencrypted document 112 or the second encrypted document 122, but insteadperforms the plagiarism evaluation based on encrypted tokens andencrypted frequency of occurrence values of the tokens between the firstand second encrypted documents 112 and 122.

In some embodiments, the blockchain peer 134 may only store the secondencrypted document 122 on the blockchain 130 if it is determined thatthe encrypted document 122 is a non-plagiaristic document. In thisexample, the blockchain peer 134 may generate a similarity value basedon the comparison of the encrypted tokens and encrypted frequency ofoccurrence values. If the similarity value is above a predeterminedthreshold, the second encrypted document 122 is considered plagiarism ofthe previously uploaded first encrypted document 112. If, however thesimilarity value is less than a predetermined threshold, the secondencrypted document 122 is determined to be an original(non-plagiaristic) document.

FIG. 2A illustrates a blockchain architecture configuration 200,according to example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2A, the blockchainarchitecture 200 may include certain blockchain elements, for example, agroup of blockchain nodes 202. The blockchain nodes 202 may include oneor more nodes 204-210 (these four nodes are depicted by example only).These nodes participate in a number of activities, such as blockchaintransaction addition and validation process (consensus). One or more ofthe blockchain nodes 204-210 may endorse transactions based onendorsement policy and may provide an ordering service for allblockchain nodes in the architecture 200. A blockchain node may initiatea blockchain authentication and seek to write to a blockchain immutableledger stored in blockchain layer 216, a copy of which may also bestored on the underpinning physical infrastructure 214. The blockchainconfiguration may include one or more applications 224 which are linkedto application programming interfaces (APIs) 222 to access and executestored program/application code 220 (e.g., chaincode, smart contracts,etc.) which can be created according to a customized configurationsought by participants and can maintain their own state, control theirown assets, and receive external information. This can be deployed as atransaction and installed, via appending to the distributed ledger, onall blockchain nodes 204-210.

The blockchain base or platform 212 may include various layers ofblockchain data, services (e.g., cryptographic trust services, virtualexecution environment, etc.), and underpinning physical computerinfrastructure that may be used to receive and store new transactionsand provide access to auditors which are seeking to access data entries.The blockchain layer 216 may expose an interface that provides access tothe virtual execution environment necessary to process the program codeand engage the physical infrastructure 214. Cryptographic trust services218 may be used to verify transactions such as asset exchangetransactions and keep information private.

The blockchain architecture configuration of FIG. 2A may process andexecute program/application code 220 via one or more interfaces exposed,and services provided, by blockchain platform 212. The code 220 maycontrol blockchain assets. For example, the code 220 can store andtransfer data, and may be executed by nodes 204-210 in the form of asmart contract and associated chaincode with conditions or other codeelements subject to its execution. As a non-limiting example, smartcontracts may be created to execute reminders, updates, and/or othernotifications subject to the changes, updates, etc. The smart contractscan themselves be used to identify rules associated with authorizationand access requirements and usage of the ledger. For example, the smartcontract (or chaincode executing the logic of the smart contract) mayread blockchain data 226 which may be processed by one or moreprocessing entities (e.g., virtual machines) included in the blockchainlayer 216 to generate results 228 including alerts, determiningliability, and the like, within a complex service scenario. The physicalinfrastructure 214 may be utilized to retrieve any of the data orinformation described herein.

A smart contract may be created via a high-level application andprogramming language, and then written to a block in the blockchain. Thesmart contract may include executable code which is registered, stored,and/or replicated with a blockchain (e.g., distributed network ofblockchain peers). A transaction is an execution of the smart contractlogic which can be performed in response to conditions associated withthe smart contract being satisfied. The executing of the smart contractmay trigger a trusted modification(s) to a state of a digital blockchainledger. The modification(s) to the blockchain ledger caused by the smartcontract execution may be automatically replicated throughout thedistributed network of blockchain peers through one or more consensusprotocols.

The smart contract may write data to the blockchain in the format ofkey-value pairs. Furthermore, the smart contract code can read thevalues stored in a blockchain and use them in application operations.The smart contract code can write the output of various logic operationsinto one or more blocks within the blockchain. The code may be used tocreate a temporary data structure in a virtual machine or othercomputing platform. Data written to the blockchain can be public and/orcan be encrypted and maintained as private. The temporary data that isused/generated by the smart contract is held in memory by the suppliedexecution environment, then deleted once the data needed for theblockchain is identified.

A chaincode may include the code interpretation (e.g., the logic) of asmart contract. For example, the chaincode may include a packaged anddeployable version of the logic within the smart contract. As describedherein, the chaincode may be program code deployed on a computingnetwork, where it is executed and validated by chain validators togetherduring a consensus process. The chaincode may receive a hash andretrieve from the blockchain a hash associated with the data templatecreated by use of a previously stored feature extractor. If the hashesof the hash identifier and the hash created from the stored identifiertemplate data match, then the chaincode sends an authorization key tothe requested service. The chaincode may write to the blockchain dataassociated with the cryptographic details.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example of a blockchain transactional flow 250between nodes of the blockchain in accordance with an exampleembodiment. Referring to FIG. 2B, the transaction flow may include aclient node 260 transmitting a transaction proposal 291 to an endorsingpeer node 281. The endorsing peer 281 may verify the client signatureand execute a chaincode function to initiate the transaction. The outputmay include the chaincode results, a set of key/value versions that wereread in the chaincode (read set), and the set of keys/values that werewritten in chaincode (write set). Here, the endorsing peer 281 maydetermine whether or not to endorse the transaction proposal. Theproposal response 292 is sent back to the client 260 along with anendorsement signature, if approved. The client 260 assembles theendorsements into a transaction payload 293 and broadcasts it to anordering service node 284. The ordering service node 284 then deliversordered transactions as blocks to all peers 281-283 on a channel. Beforecommittal to the blockchain, each peer 281-283 may validate thetransaction. For example, the peers may check the endorsement policy toensure that the correct allotment of the specified peers have signed theresults and authenticated the signatures against the transaction payload293.

Referring again to FIG. 2B, the client node initiates the transaction291 by constructing and sending a request to the peer node 281, which isan endorser. The client 260 may include an application leveraging asupported software development kit (SDK), which utilizes an availableAPI to generate a transaction proposal. The proposal is a request toinvoke a chaincode function so that data can be read and/or written tothe ledger (i.e., write new key value pairs for the assets). The SDK mayserve as a shim to package the transaction proposal into a properlyarchitected format (e.g., protocol buffer over a remote procedure call(RPC)) and take the client's cryptographic credentials to produce aunique signature for the transaction proposal.

In response, the endorsing peer node 281 may verify (a) that thetransaction proposal is well formed, (b) the transaction has not beensubmitted already in the past (replay-attack protection), (c) thesignature is valid, and (d) that the submitter (client 260, in theexample) is properly authorized to perform the proposed operation onthat channel. The endorsing peer node 281 may take the transactionproposal inputs as arguments to the invoked chaincode function. Thechaincode is then executed against a current state database to producetransaction results including a response value, read set, and write set.However, no updates are made to the ledger at this point. In 292, theset of values, along with the endorsing peer node's 281 signature ispassed back as a proposal response 292 to the SDK of the client 260which parses the payload for the application to consume.

In response, the application of the client 260 inspects/verifies thesignatures of the endorsing peers and compares the proposal responses todetermine if the proposal response is the same. If the chaincode onlyqueried the ledger, the application would inspect the query response andwould typically not submit the transaction to the ordering node service284. If the client application intends to submit the transaction to theordering node service 284 to update the ledger, the applicationdetermines if the specified endorsement policy has been fulfilled beforesubmitting (i.e., did all peer nodes necessary for the transactionendorse the transaction). Here, the client may include only one ofmultiple parties to the transaction. In this case, each client may havetheir own endorsing node, and each endorsing node will need to endorsethe transaction. The architecture is such that even if an applicationselects not to inspect responses or otherwise forwards an unendorsedtransaction, the endorsement policy will still be enforced by peers andupheld at the commit validation phase.

After successful inspection, in step 293 the client 260 assemblesendorsements into a transaction proposal and broadcasts the transactionproposal and response within a transaction message to the ordering node284. The transaction may contain the read/write sets, the endorsing peersignatures and a channel ID. The ordering node 284 does not need toinspect the entire content of a transaction in order to perform itsoperation, instead the ordering node 284 may simply receive transactionsfrom all channels in the network, order them chronologically by channel,and create blocks of transactions per channel.

The blocks are delivered from the ordering node 284 to all peer nodes281-283 on the channel. The data section within the block may bevalidated to ensure an endorsement policy is fulfilled and to ensurethat there have been no changes to ledger state for read set variablessince the read set was generated by the transaction execution.Furthermore, in step 295 each peer node 281-283 appends the block to thechannel's chain, and for each valid transaction the write sets arecommitted to current state database. An event may be emitted, to notifythe client application that the transaction (invocation) has beenimmutably appended to the chain, as well as to notify whether thetransaction was validated or invalidated.

In the example of FIG. 2B, the client node 260 and each of theblockchain peers 281-284 may use a verifiable credential as a signature.As the transaction moves through the different steps of FIG. 2B, each ofthe client node 260 and the blockchain peers 281-284 may attach theirrespective VC to a step that they have performed. In this example, eachof the blockchain peers 281-284 may include a set of VCs (e.g., one ormore VCs) that provide identity and membership information associatedwith the blockchain peers 281-284. For example, the client node 260 mayinclude a verifiable certificate with a claim issued by a MSP of theblockchain network that identifies the client as a member fortransacting on the blockchain. As another example, the blockchain peers281-283 may include VCs that identify the blockchain peers 281-283 asendorsing peers of the blockchain. Meanwhile, the blockchain peer 284may include a VC that identifies the blockchain peer 284 as an orderingnode of the blockchain. Many other VCs are possible. For example,particular channels on the blockchain (e.g., different blockchains onthe same ledger) may require different VCs in order to serve as aclient, a peer, an endorser, and orderer, and the like. As anotherexample, different types of transactions and/or chaincodes may require aseparate VC by the clients, the peers, etc. For example, a client mayonly submit a transaction to invoke a particular chaincode if the clienthas a VC identifying the client has authority to use such chaincode.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example of a permissioned blockchain network 300,which features a distributed, decentralized peer-to-peer architecture.In this example, a blockchain user 302 may initiate a transaction to thepermissioned blockchain 304. In this example, the transaction can be adeploy, invoke, or query, and may be issued through a client-sideapplication leveraging an SDK, directly through an API, etc. Networksmay provide access to a regulator 306, such as an auditor. A blockchainnetwork operator 308 manages member permissions, such as enrolling theregulator 306 as an “auditor” and the blockchain user 302 as a “client”.An auditor could be restricted only to querying the ledger whereas aclient could be authorized to deploy, invoke, and query certain types ofchaincode.

A blockchain developer 310 can write chaincode and client-sideapplications. The blockchain developer 310 can deploy chaincode directlyto the network through an interface. To include credentials from atraditional data source 312 in chaincode, the developer 310 could use anout-of-band connection to access the data. In this example, theblockchain user 302 connects to the permissioned blockchain 304 througha peer node 314. Before proceeding with any transactions, the peer node314 retrieves the user's enrollment and transaction certificates from acertificate authority 316, which manages user roles and permissions. Insome cases, blockchain users must possess these digital certificates inorder to transact on the permissioned blockchain 304. Meanwhile, a userattempting to utilize chaincode may be required to verify theircredentials on the traditional data source 312. To confirm the user'sauthorization, chaincode can use an out-of-band connection to this datathrough a traditional processing platform 318.

FIG. 3B illustrates another example of a permissioned blockchain network320, which features a distributed, decentralized peer-to-peerarchitecture. In this example, a blockchain user 322 may submit atransaction to the permissioned blockchain 324. In this example, thetransaction can be a deploy, invoke, or query, and may be issued througha client-side application leveraging an SDK, directly through an API,etc. Networks may provide access to a regulator 326, such as an auditor.A blockchain network operator 328 manages member permissions, such asenrolling the regulator 326 as an “auditor” and the blockchain user 322as a “client”. An auditor could be restricted only to querying theledger whereas a client could be authorized to deploy, invoke, and querycertain types of chaincode.

A blockchain developer 330 writes chaincode and client-sideapplications. The blockchain developer 330 can deploy chaincode directlyto the network through an interface. To include credentials from atraditional data source 332 in chaincode, the developer 330 could use anout-of-band connection to access the data. In this example, theblockchain user 322 connects to the network through a peer node 334.Before proceeding with any transactions, the peer node 334 retrieves theuser's enrollment and transaction certificates from the certificateauthority 336. In some cases, blockchain users must possess thesedigital certificates in order to transact on the permissioned blockchain324. Meanwhile, a user attempting to utilize chaincode may be requiredto verify their credentials on the traditional data source 332. Toconfirm the user's authorization, chaincode can use an out-of-bandconnection to this data through a traditional processing platform 338.

In some embodiments, the blockchain herein may be a permissionlessblockchain. In contrast with permissioned blockchains which requirepermission to join, anyone can join a permissionless blockchain. Forexample, to join a permissionless blockchain a user may create apersonal address and begin interacting with the network, by submittingtransactions, and hence adding entries to the ledger. Additionally, allparties have the choice of running a node on the system and employingthe mining protocols to help verify transactions.

FIG. 3C illustrates a process 350 of a transaction being processed by apermissionless blockchain 352 including a plurality of nodes 354. Asender 356 desires to send payment or some other form of value (e.g., adeed, medical records, a contract, a good, a service, or any other assetthat can be encapsulated in a digital record) to a recipient 358 via thepermissionless blockchain 352. In one embodiment, each of the senderdevice 356 and the recipient device 358 may have digital wallets(associated with the blockchain 352) that provide user interfacecontrols and a display of transaction parameters. In response, thetransaction is broadcast throughout the blockchain 352 to the nodes 354.Depending on the blockchain's 352 network parameters the nodes verify360 the transaction based on rules (which may be pre-defined ordynamically allocated) established by the permissionless blockchain 352creators. For example, this may include verifying identities of theparties involved, etc. The transaction may be verified immediately or itmay be placed in a queue with other transactions and the nodes 354determine if the transactions are valid based on a set of network rules.

In structure 362, valid transactions are formed into a block and sealedwith a lock (hash). This process may be performed by mining nodes amongthe nodes 354. Mining nodes may utilize additional software specificallyfor mining and creating blocks for the permissionless blockchain 352.Each block may be identified by a hash (e.g., 256 bit number, etc.)created using an algorithm agreed upon by the network. Each block mayinclude a header, a pointer or reference to a hash of a previous block'sheader in the chain, and a group of valid transactions. The reference tothe previous block's hash is associated with the creation of the secureindependent chain of blocks.

Before blocks can be added to the blockchain, the blocks must bevalidated. Validation for the permissionless blockchain 352 may includea proof-of-work (PoW) which is a solution to a puzzle derived from theblock's header. Although not shown in the example of FIG. 3C, anotherprocess for validating a block is proof-of-stake. Unlike theproof-of-work, where the algorithm rewards miners who solve mathematicalproblems, with the proof of stake, a creator of a new block is chosen ina deterministic way, depending on its wealth, also defined as “stake.”Then, a similar proof is performed by the selected/chosen node.

With mining 364, nodes try to solve the block by making incrementalchanges to one variable until the solution satisfies a network-widetarget. This creates the PoW thereby ensuring correct answers. In otherwords, a potential solution must prove that computing resources weredrained in solving the problem. In some types of permissionlessblockchains, miners may be rewarded with value (e.g., coins, etc.) forcorrectly mining a block.

Here, the PoW process, alongside the chaining of blocks, makesmodifications of the blockchain extremely difficult, as an attacker mustmodify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one blockto be accepted. Furthermore, as new blocks are mined, the difficulty ofmodifying a block increases, and the number of subsequent blocksincreases. With distribution 366, the successfully validated block isdistributed through the permissionless blockchain 352 and all nodes 354add the block to a majority chain which is the permissionlessblockchain's 352 auditable ledger. Furthermore, the value in thetransaction submitted by the sender 356 is deposited or otherwisetransferred to the digital wallet of the recipient device 358.

FIG. 4A illustrates a process 400A of generating encrypted tokens andencrypted frequency of occurrence values from a document 410 accordingto example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 4A, a document 410 includes astring “Mangoes Are A Delicious Fruit. I Like To Have Fruit for Lunch. IOften Have A Mango Fruit For Lunch.” Here, a blockchain peer (e.g., viaexecution of a smart contract with the plagiarism detection program) maytokenize the document 410. The tokenization process may result in a listof tokens 420. Here, each unique word in the document 410 is assigned atoken in the list of tokens 420. The number enclosed in parenthesis nextto each respective token is the frequency of occurrence of the tokenwithin the document 410.

According to various embodiments, the tokens included in the list oftokens 420 may be encrypted based on an encryption process 440 usingkeys that are derived from the tokens themselves based on a messagelocked encryption (MLE) encryption scheme. Here, a token may beencrypted using a key that is created from the token itself. Forexample, a key may be created by hashing the token using some predefinedhash function, and then using the hash as the key when encrypting thetoken. Here, an encryption scheme such as Advanced Encryption Standard(AES), or the like, may be applied to the token using the derived key togenerate at an encrypted token value “enc(TN)”. In addition, thefrequency of occurrence value of the token may be encrypted using thesame key as is used to encrypt the token to generate an encryptedfrequency of occurrence value “enc(FN)”. Both the encrypted token andthe encrypted frequency of occurrence value may be stored in a data setthat is stored on the blockchain.

FIG. 4B illustrates a process 400B of cleaning tokens and creating anencrypted token vector according to example embodiments. Referring toFIG. 4B, prior to encrypting the tokens within the token list 420 shownin FIG. 4A, the tokens can be reduced and/or cleaned to leave a subsetof tokens that are more pertinent to the document. As shown in FIG. 4B,an initial token list 420A includes all unique words from the document410. Here, various stop words or other terms such as “a”, “and”, “the”,“for”, “are”, “to”, and the like, may be removed from the token list. Inthis example, tokens 451 with a line through them may be deleted fromthe initial token list 420A to arrive at a first subset of tokens shownin modified token list 420B.

In addition, the tokens shown in the modified token list 420B may befurther modified to aggregate/stem together similar terms such as“Mango” and “Mangoes”. Here, a token 452 is combined with a token 453and a frequency of occurrence value 454 of the token 453 is updated toinclude the additional token 452. Next, a data set 460 may be createdthat includes each encrypted token and each corresponding encryptedfrequency of occurrence value for each token. In some embodiments, thedata set 460 may be a vector.

FIG. 4C illustrates a process 400C of comparing encrypted attributes oftwo documents to determine a similarity value according to exampleembodiments. Referring to FIG. 4C, the data set 460 with the encryptedtokens and the encrypted frequency of occurrence values can be comparedto a data set 462 of another document to determine whether the documentassociated with the data set 460 plagiarizes a document associated withthe data set 462. Here, a blockchain peer 480 may compare the ciphertextwithin the two data sets 460 and 462 to each other and determine whethera predetermined amount of tokens (e.g., 85%, 90%, etc.) occur a samenumber of times in each of the two data sets 460 and 462 based on theciphertext of the encrypted tokens and the ciphertext of the encryptedfrequency of occurrence values in each of the two data sets 460 and 464,and output a similarity value 464 based thereon.

According to various embodiments, encrypted documents can be comparedwith other encrypted documents to identify whether plagiarism exists.The process may be performed by a blockchain peer within a blockchainnetwork, thereby allowing the process to be performed while the documentowners are offline. Furthermore, the encrypted documents do not need tobe decrypted to perform the plagiarism evaluation.

In the example embodiments, each token may have a separate key which allpeers can derive. This allows the peers to match the tokens (theciphertext) with each other without decrypting the cipher text.Furthermore, OPE encryption of the frequency of occurrence valuespreserves plaintext ordering in the cipher text domain. Therefore, byjust viewing the cipher text, it is possible to figure out matchingtokens between two documents and compare the frequency of the matchingtokens with each other.

In some embodiments, the degree of matching between a frequency ofoccurrence of a token in a first document and a frequency of occurrenceof the same token in a second document may be relaxed when comparing thefirst and second documents for plagiarism. For example, the blockchainpeer may relax the exact matching criteria such as the frequency of atoken in new document must fall in a vicinity (e.g., plus or minus two,etc.) of frequency of a token in old document and vice-verse. Thus, itis possible to find plagiarism exists if the frequency of occurrencevalue of a token in the first document is within a predeterminedvicinity of the frequency occurrence value of the same token in thesecond document. The vicinity can be configurable at document level ortoken level.

For example, a first document may have a token K1 eight times therein.Thus, the frequency of occurrence value of the token K1 in the firstdocument is eight. A second document being compared to the firstdocument for plagiarism may have a frequency of occurrence value for thesame token K1 of nine. Here, both the first document and the seconddocument may have a vicinity value of two. If that is the case, thefirst document will be considered to be matching with the seconddocument if a frequency of occurrence value of the token K1 in thesecond document is within plus or minus two of the frequency ofoccurrence value of the first document. In this case, the differencebetween frequency of occurrence values is only one (i.e., 9−8=1). Thus,the difference falls within the vicinity. Furthermore, the seconddocument may also have vicinity requirements that may be the same ordifferent from the first document. In this case, both documents may havetheir vicinity requirements met for a match to be determined, or onlyone of the vicinity requirements.

FIG. 4D illustrates a process 400D of detecting insurance fraud based ona comparison of encrypted documents according to example embodiments.Referring to FIG. 4D, two insurance providers use two different channels(Channel 1 and Channel 2) for document sharing. In this case, a firstchannel hosts peers 491, 492, and 493, and an anchor peer 474. The peers491, 492, 493, and anchor peer 474 are associated with a first insuranceprovider. In addition, a second channel hosts peers 481, 482, and 483,and an anchor peer 472. The peers 481, 482, 483, and anchor peer 472 areassociated with a second insurance provider.

According to various embodiments, the two insurance providers maytransact with each other via a third channel that includes the anchorpeer 474 of the first channel and the anchor peer 472 of the secondchannel along with additional anchor peer 473 of another insuranceprovider. For example, any of the insurance providers may use thedocument comparison process described herein to determine whether theinsurance claim has already been submitted to another insurance providerwithout having to decrypt or identify any personal information of theuser. Here, fraud can be detected when the same medical report issubmitted to multiple insurance providers. However, insurance providersare restricted from sharing personal information of their customers witheach other. The encrypted document comparison process described hereinenables insurance providers to detect fraud without sharing personalinformation of their customers since the claim comparison may beperformed on encrypted documents without decrypting the documentcontent. In this example, an encrypted document comparison process maybe performed by the anchor nodes 472-474 of the different insuranceproviders on the third channel to identify whether fraud exists.

For example, when a new document representing an insurance claim of auser gets added to the first channel or the second channel, the newdocument may be encrypted by the nodes on that channel and pushed to thethird channel for sharing and comparison. Because the document isencrypted first, identification of the user is not possible to the otheranchor nodes on the third channel. Here, each of the other anchor nodesmay perform an encrypted document comparison process on the newencrypted document to identify whether a similar or exact copy of thesame insurance claim is already stored in their own local databases (andsubmitted previously by the user). If a match is found, the insuranceclaim can be flagged as suspicious and stored on a blockchain of thethird channel.

Here, the anchor nodes may engage in additional communications with eachother to do a further analysis. This additional communication can be inthe form of a secure multiparty computation (SMC) based solution. Here,the goal of these additional communications is to do further analysis tocheck if fraud is taking place. As another example, a warning or analert may be issued to either of the first and second channels warningof a possible occurrence of fraud. In this example, each anchor node472-474 may perform their own similarity checking for document fraud.Thus, a central entity is not required and all parties do not need to beonline at the same time. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 4D, an auditornode 471 may be a part of the third channel and may be able to requestaccess to a plaintext document from one or more of the insuranceproviders in the case a fraud is detected. For example, the auditor node471 may include a smart contract agreed to by the anchor nodes which canaccess the plaintext document for further comparison.

FIG. 5 illustrates a method 500 of determining a similarity betweenencrypted documents according to example embodiments. For example, themethod 500 may be performed by a blockchain peer, a smart contract, orthe like. Referring to FIG. 5 , in 510, the method may include receivinga request to verify a first encrypted document from a computing device.For example, the request may be a request to upload the first encrypteddocument to a blockchain hosted by a blockchain peer. Here, the firstencrypted document may have a first set of encrypted tokens.

In 520, the method may include retrieving a second set of encryptedtokens of a second encrypted document from a blockchain. In 530, themethod may include determining a similarity value of the first encrypteddocument with respect to the second encrypted document based on a firstset of encrypted tokens in the first encrypted document and the secondset of encrypted tokens in the second encrypted document. In 540, themethod may include outputting the determined similarity value to thecomputing device in response to the request. In some embodiments, thedetermining may further include determining the similarity value basedon encrypted frequency of occurrence values of the first set ofencrypted tokens in the first encrypted document and encrypted frequencyof occurrence values of the second set of encrypted tokens in the secondencrypted document.

In some embodiments, the method may further include tokenizing a firstdocument into a plurality of unique tokens, and encrypting each tokenbased on a unique key derived from the respective token to generate thefirst set of encrypted tokens of the first encrypted document. In someembodiments, the tokenizing may further include generating the uniquekey for the respective token based on a hash of the respective token. Insome embodiments, the method may further include identifying anoccurrence value of a token within the first document, encrypting theoccurrence value using an order preserving encryption scheme, andstoring the encrypted occurrence value with the first set of encryptedtokens on the blockchain.

In some embodiments, the request may include a request to store thefirst encrypted document to the blockchain, and the method furthercomprises blocking the first encrypted document from storage on theblockchain when the determined similarity value is greater than apredetermined threshold. In some embodiments, the request may include arequest to store the first encrypted document to the blockchain, and themethod further comprises storing the first encrypted document on theblockchain when the determined similarity value is less than apredetermined threshold.

FIG. 6A illustrates an example system 600 that includes a physicalinfrastructure 610 configured to perform various operations according toexample embodiments. Referring to FIG. 6A, the physical infrastructure610 includes a module 612 and a module 614. The module 614 includes ablockchain 620 and a smart contract 630 (which may reside on theblockchain 620), that may execute any of the operational steps 608 (inmodule 612) included in any of the example embodiments. Thesteps/operations 608 may include one or more of the embodimentsdescribed or depicted and may represent output or written informationthat is written or read from one or more smart contracts 630 and/orblockchains 620. The physical infrastructure 610, the module 612, andthe module 614 may include one or more computers, servers, processors,memories, and/or wireless communication devices. Further, the module 612and the module 614 may be a same module.

FIG. 6B illustrates another example system 640 configured to performvarious operations according to example embodiments. Referring to FIG.6B, the system 640 includes a module 612 and a module 614. The module614 includes a blockchain 620 and a smart contract 630 (which may resideon the blockchain 620), that may execute any of the operational steps608 (in module 612) included in any of the example embodiments. Thesteps/operations 608 may include one or more of the embodimentsdescribed or depicted and may represent output or written informationthat is written or read from one or more smart contracts 630 and/orblockchains 620. The physical infrastructure 610, the module 612, andthe module 614 may include one or more computers, servers, processors,memories, and/or wireless communication devices. Further, the module 612and the module 614 may be a same module.

FIG. 6C illustrates an example system configured to utilize a smartcontract configuration among contracting parties and a mediating serverconfigured to enforce the smart contract terms on the blockchainaccording to example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 6C, theconfiguration 650 may represent a communication session, an assettransfer session or a process or procedure that is driven by a smartcontract 630 which explicitly identifies one or more user devices 652and/or 656. The execution, operations and results of the smart contractexecution may be managed by a server 654. Content of the smart contract630 may require digital signatures by one or more of the entities 652and 656 which are parties to the smart contract transaction. The resultsof the smart contract execution may be written to a blockchain 620 as ablockchain transaction. The smart contract 630 resides on the blockchain620 which may reside on one or more computers, servers, processors,memories, and/or wireless communication devices.

FIG. 6D illustrates a system 660 including a blockchain, according toexample embodiments. Referring to the example of FIG. 6D, an applicationprogramming interface (API) gateway 662 provides a common interface foraccessing blockchain logic (e.g., smart contract 630 or other chaincode)and data (e.g., distributed ledger, etc.). In this example, the APIgateway 662 is a common interface for performing transactions (invoke,queries, etc.) on the blockchain by connecting one or more entities 652and 656 to a blockchain peer (i.e., server 654). Here, the server 654 isa blockchain network peer component that holds a copy of the world stateand a distributed ledger allowing clients 652 and 656 to query data onthe world state as well as submit transactions into the blockchainnetwork where, depending on the smart contract 630 and endorsementpolicy, endorsing peers will run the smart contracts 630.

The above embodiments may be implemented in hardware, in a computerprogram executed by a processor, in firmware, or in a combination of theabove. A computer program may be embodied on a computer readable medium,such as a storage medium. For example, a computer program may reside inrandom access memory (“RAM”), flash memory, read-only memory (“ROM”),erasable programmable read-only memory (“EPROM”), electrically erasableprogrammable read-only memory (“EEPROM”), registers, hard disk, aremovable disk, a compact disk read-only memory (“CD-ROM”), or any otherform of storage medium known in the art.

An exemplary storage medium may be coupled to the processor such thatthe processor may read information from, and write information to, thestorage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integralto the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in anapplication specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”). In the alternative,the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components.

FIG. 7A illustrates a process 700 of a new block being added to adistributed ledger 720, according to example embodiments, and FIG. 7Billustrates contents of a new data block structure 730 for blockchain,according to example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 7A, clients (notshown) may submit transactions to blockchain nodes 711, 712, and/or 713.Clients may be instructions received from any source to enact activityon the blockchain 720. As an example, clients may be applications thatact on behalf of a requester, such as a device, person or entity topropose transactions for the blockchain. The plurality of blockchainpeers (e.g., blockchain nodes 711, 712, and 713) may maintain a state ofthe blockchain network and a copy of the distributed ledger 720.Different types of blockchain nodes/peers may be present in theblockchain network including endorsing peers which simulate and endorsetransactions proposed by clients and committing peers which verifyendorsements, validate transactions, and commit transactions to thedistributed ledger 720. In this example, the blockchain nodes 711, 712,and 713 may perform the role of endorser node, committer node, or both.

The distributed ledger 720 includes a blockchain which stores immutable,sequenced records in blocks, and a state database 724 (current worldstate) maintaining a current state of the blockchain 722. Onedistributed ledger 720 may exist per channel and each peer maintains itsown copy of the distributed ledger 720 for each channel of which theyare a member. The blockchain 722 is a transaction log, structured ashash-linked blocks where each block contains a sequence of Ntransactions. Blocks may include various components such as shown inFIG. 7B. The linking of the blocks (shown by arrows in FIG. 7A) may begenerated by adding a hash of a prior block's header within a blockheader of a current block. In this way, all transactions on theblockchain 722 are sequenced and cryptographically linked togetherpreventing tampering with blockchain data without breaking the hashlinks. Furthermore, because of the links, the latest block in theblockchain 722 represents every transaction that has come before it. Theblockchain 722 may be stored on a peer file system (local or attachedstorage), which supports an append-only blockchain workload.

The current state of the blockchain 722 and the distributed ledger 722may be stored in the state database 724. Here, the current state datarepresents the latest values for all keys ever included in the chaintransaction log of the blockchain 722. Chaincode invocations executetransactions against the current state in the state database 724. Tomake these chaincode interactions extremely efficient, the latest valuesof all keys are stored in the state database 724. The state database 724may include an indexed view into the transaction log of the blockchain722, it can therefore be regenerated from the chain at any time. Thestate database 724 may automatically get recovered (or generated ifneeded) upon peer startup, before transactions are accepted.

Endorsing nodes receive transactions from clients and endorse thetransaction based on simulated results. Endorsing nodes hold smartcontracts which simulate the transaction proposals. When an endorsingnode endorses a transaction, the endorsing nodes creates a transactionendorsement which is a signed response from the endorsing node to theclient application indicating the endorsement of the simulatedtransaction. The method of endorsing a transaction depends on anendorsement policy which may be specified within chaincode. An exampleof an endorsement policy is “the majority of endorsing peers mustendorse the transaction”. Different channels may have differentendorsement policies. Endorsed transactions are forward by the clientapplication to ordering service 710.

The ordering service 710 accepts endorsed transactions, orders them intoa block, and delivers the blocks to the committing peers. For example,the ordering service 710 may initiate a new block when a threshold oftransactions has been reached, a timer times out, or another condition.In the example of FIG. 7A, blockchain node 712 is a committing peer thathas received a new data new data block 730 for storage on blockchain720. The first block in the blockchain may be referred to as a genesisblock which includes information about the blockchain, its members, thedata stored therein, etc.

The ordering service 710 may be made up of a cluster of orderers. Theordering service 710 does not process transactions, smart contracts, ormaintain the shared ledger. Rather, the ordering service 710 may acceptthe endorsed transactions and specifies the order in which thosetransactions are committed to the distributed ledger 720. Thearchitecture of the blockchain network may be designed such that thespecific implementation of ‘ordering’ (e.g., Solo, Kafka, BFT, etc.)becomes a pluggable component.

Transactions are written to the distributed ledger 720 in a consistentorder. The order of transactions is established to ensure that theupdates to the state database 724 are valid when they are committed tothe network. Unlike a cryptocurrency blockchain system (e.g., Bitcoin,etc.) where ordering occurs through the solving of a cryptographicpuzzle, or mining, in this example the parties of the distributed ledger720 may choose the ordering mechanism that best suits that network.

When the ordering service 710 initializes a new data block 730, the newdata block 730 may be broadcast to committing peers (e.g., blockchainnodes 711, 712, and 713). In response, each committing peer validatesthe transaction within the new data block 730 by checking to make surethat the read set and the write set still match the current world statein the state database 724. Specifically, the committing peer candetermine whether the read data that existed when the endorserssimulated the transaction is identical to the current world state in thestate database 724. When the committing peer validates the transaction,the transaction is written to the blockchain 722 on the distributedledger 720, and the state database 724 is updated with the write datafrom the read-write set. If a transaction fails, that is, if thecommitting peer finds that the read-write set does not match the currentworld state in the state database 724, the transaction ordered into ablock will still be included in that block, but it will be marked asinvalid, and the state database 724 will not be updated.

Referring to FIG. 7B, a new data block 730 (also referred to as a datablock) that is stored on the blockchain 722 of the distributed ledger720 may include multiple data segments such as a block header 740, blockdata 750 (block data section), and block metadata 760. It should beappreciated that the various depicted blocks and their contents, such asnew data block 730 and its contents, shown in FIG. 7B are merelyexamples and are not meant to limit the scope of the exampleembodiments. In a conventional block, the data section may storetransactional information of N transaction(s) (e.g., 1, 10, 100, 500,1000, 2000, 3000, etc.) within the block data 750.

The new data block 730 may include a link to a previous block (e.g., onthe blockchain 722 in FIG. 7A) within the block header 740. Inparticular, the block header 740 may include a hash of a previousblock's header. The block header 740 may also include a unique blocknumber, a hash of the block data 750 of the new data block 730, and thelike. The block number of the new data block 730 may be unique andassigned in various orders, such as an incremental/sequential orderstarting from zero.

According to various embodiments, the block data 750 may store encryptedtokens and encrypted occurrence frequencies 752 of an encrypteddocument. In some embodiments, the encrypted tokens and encryptedoccurrence frequencies 752 can be stored within a vector or multiplevectors. For example, one vector may be dedicated for the encryptedtokens and a second vector may be dedicated for the encrypted occurrencefrequencies. The encrypted tokens and encrypted occurrence frequencies752 can be stored in an immutable log of blocks (blockchain 722) on thedistributed ledger 720. Some of the benefits of storing the encryptedtokens and encrypted occurrence frequencies 752 on the blockchain arereflected in the various embodiments disclosed and depicted herein.Although in FIG. 7B, the encrypted tokens and encrypted occurrencefrequencies 752 are depicted in the block data 750, in otherembodiments, the encrypted tokens and encrypted occurrence frequencies752 may be located in the block header 740 or the block metadata 760.

The block metadata 760 may store multiple fields of metadata (e.g., as abyte array, etc.). Metadata fields may include signature on blockcreation, a reference to a last configuration block, a transactionfilter identifying valid and invalid transactions within the block, lastoffset persisted of an ordering service that ordered the block, and thelike. The signature, the last configuration block, and the orderermetadata may be added by the ordering service 710. Meanwhile, acommitter of the block (such as blockchain node 712) may addvalidity/invalidity information based on an endorsement policy,verification of read/write sets, and the like. The transaction filtermay include a byte array of a size equal to the number of transactionsthat are included in the block data 750 and a validation codeidentifying whether a transaction was valid/invalid.

FIG. 7C illustrates an embodiment of a blockchain 770 for digitalcontent in accordance with the embodiments described herein. The digitalcontent may include one or more files and associated information. Thefiles may include media, images, video, audio, text, links, graphics,animations, web pages, documents, or other forms of digital content. Theimmutable, append-only aspects of the blockchain serve as a safeguard toprotect the integrity, validity, and authenticity of the digitalcontent, making it suitable use in legal proceedings where admissibilityrules apply or other settings where evidence is taken into considerationor where the presentation and use of digital information is otherwise ofinterest. In this case, the digital content may be referred to asdigital evidence.

The blockchain may be formed in various ways. In one embodiment, thedigital content may be included in and accessed from the blockchainitself. For example, each block of the blockchain may store a hash valueof reference information (e.g., header, value, etc.) along theassociated digital content. The hash value and associated digitalcontent may then be encrypted together. Thus, the digital content ofeach block may be accessed by decrypting each block in the blockchain,and the hash value of each block may be used as a basis to reference aprevious block. This may be illustrated as follows:

Block 1 Block 2 . . . Block N Hash Value 1 Hash Value 2 Hash Value NDigital Content 1 Digital Content 2 Digital Content N

In one embodiment, the digital content may be not included in theblockchain. For example, the blockchain may store the encrypted hashesof the content of each block without any of the digital content. Thedigital content may be stored in another storage area or memory addressin association with the hash value of the original file. The otherstorage area may be the same storage device used to store the blockchainor may be a different storage area or even a separate relationaldatabase. The digital content of each block may be referenced oraccessed by obtaining or querying the hash value of a block of interestand then looking up that has value in the storage area, which is storedin correspondence with the actual digital content. This operation may beperformed, for example, a database gatekeeper. This may be illustratedas follows:

Blockchain Storage Area Block 1 Hash Value Block 1 Hash Value . . .Content . . . . . . Block N Hash Value Block N Hash Value . . . Content

In the example embodiment of FIG. 7C, the blockchain 770 includes anumber of blocks 778 ₁, 778 ₂, . . . 778 _(N) cryptographically linkedin an ordered sequence, where N≥1. The encryption used to link theblocks 778 ₁, 778 ₂, . . . 778 _(N) may be any of a number of keyed orun-keyed Hash functions. In one embodiment, the blocks 778 ₁, 778 ₂, . .. 778 _(N) are subject to a hash function which produces n-bitalphanumeric outputs (where n is 256 or another number) from inputs thatare based on information in the blocks. Examples of such a hash functioninclude, but are not limited to, a SHA-type (SHA stands for Secured HashAlgorithm) algorithm, Merkle-Damgard algorithm, HAIFA algorithm,Merkle-tree algorithm, nonce-based algorithm, and anon-collision-resistant PRF algorithm. In another embodiment, the blocks778 ₁, 778 ₂, . . . , 778 _(N) may be cryptographically linked by afunction that is different from a hash function. For purposes ofillustration, the following description is made with reference to a hashfunction, e.g., SHA-2.

Each of the blocks 778 ₁, 778 ₂, . . . , 778 _(N) in the blockchainincludes a header, a version of the file, and a value. The header andthe value are different for each block as a result of hashing in theblockchain. In one embodiment, the value may be included in the header.As described in greater detail below, the version of the file may be theoriginal file or a different version of the original file.

The first block 778 ₁ in the blockchain is referred to as the genesisblock and includes the header 772 ₁, original file 774 ₁, and an initialvalue 776 ₁. The hashing scheme used for the genesis block, and indeedin all subsequent blocks, may vary. For example, all the information inthe first block 778 ₁ may be hashed together and at one time, or each ora portion of the information in the first block 778 ₁ may be separatelyhashed and then a hash of the separately hashed portions may beperformed.

The header 772 ₁ may include one or more initial parameters, which, forexample, may include a version number, timestamp, nonce, rootinformation, difficulty level, consensus protocol, duration, mediaformat, source, descriptive keywords, and/or other informationassociated with original file 774 ₁ and/or the blockchain. The header772 ₁ may be generated automatically (e.g., by blockchain networkmanaging software) or manually by a blockchain participant. Unlike theheader in other blocks 778 ₂ to 778 _(N) in the blockchain, the header772 ₁ in the genesis block does not reference a previous block, simplybecause there is no previous block.

The original file 774 ₁ in the genesis block may be, for example, dataas captured by a device with or without processing prior to itsinclusion in the blockchain. The original file 774 ₁ is received throughthe interface of the system from the device, media source, or node. Theoriginal file 774 ₁ is associated with metadata, which, for example, maybe generated by a user, the device, and/or the system processor, eithermanually or automatically. The metadata may be included in the firstblock 778 ₁ in association with the original file 774 ₁.

The value 776 ₁ in the genesis block is an initial value generated basedon one or more unique attributes of the original file 774 ₁. In oneembodiment, the one or more unique attributes may include the hash valuefor the original file 774 ₁, metadata for the original file 774 ₁, andother information associated with the file. In one implementation, theinitial value 776 ₁ may be based on the following unique attributes:

-   -   1) SHA-2 computed hash value for the original file    -   2) originating device ID    -   3) starting timestamp for the original file    -   4) initial storage location of the original file    -   5) blockchain network member ID for software to currently        control the original file and associated metadata

The other blocks 778 ₂ to 778 _(N) in the blockchain also have headers,files, and values. However, unlike the first block 772 ₁, each of theheaders 772 ₂ to 772 _(N) in the other blocks includes the hash value ofan immediately preceding block. The hash value of the immediatelypreceding block may be just the hash of the header of the previous blockor may be the hash value of the entire previous block. By including thehash value of a preceding block in each of the remaining blocks, a tracecan be performed from the Nth block back to the genesis block (and theassociated original file) on a block-by-block basis, as indicated byarrows 780, to establish an auditable and immutable chain-of-custody.

Each of the header 772 ₂ to 772 _(N) in the other blocks may alsoinclude other information, e.g., version number, timestamp, nonce, rootinformation, difficulty level, consensus protocol, and/or otherparameters or information associated with the corresponding files and/orthe blockchain in general.

The files 774 ₂ to 774 _(N) in the other blocks may be equal to theoriginal file or may be a modified version of the original file in thegenesis block depending, for example, on the type of processingperformed. The type of processing performed may vary from block toblock. The processing may involve, for example, any modification of afile in a preceding block, such as redacting information or otherwisechanging the content of, taking information away from, or adding orappending information to the files.

Additionally, or alternatively, the processing may involve merelycopying the file from a preceding block, changing a storage location ofthe file, analyzing the file from one or more preceding blocks, movingthe file from one storage or memory location to another, or performingaction relative to the file of the blockchain and/or its associatedmetadata. Processing which involves analyzing a file may include, forexample, appending, including, or otherwise associating variousanalytics, statistics, or other information associated with the file.

The values in each of the other blocks 7762 to 776N in the other blocksare unique values and are all different as a result of the processingperformed. For example, the value in any one block corresponds to anupdated version of the value in the previous block. The update isreflected in the hash of the block to which the value is assigned. Thevalues of the blocks therefore provide an indication of what processingwas performed in the blocks and also permit a tracing through theblockchain back to the original file. This tracking confirms thechain-of-custody of the file throughout the entire blockchain.

For example, consider the case where portions of the file in a previousblock are redacted, blocked out, or pixelated in order to protect theidentity of a person shown in the file. In this case, the blockincluding the redacted file will include metadata associated with theredacted file, e.g., how the redaction was performed, who performed theredaction, timestamps where the redaction(s) occurred, etc. The metadatamay be hashed to form the value. Because the metadata for the block isdifferent from the information that was hashed to form the value in theprevious block, the values are different from one another and may berecovered when decrypted.

In one embodiment, the value of a previous block may be updated (e.g., anew hash value computed) to form the value of a current block when anyone or more of the following occurs. The new hash value may be computedby hashing all or a portion of the information noted below, in thisexample embodiment.

-   -   a) new SHA-2 computed hash value if the file has been processed        in any way (e.g., if the file was redacted, copied, altered,        accessed, or some other action was taken)    -   b) new storage location for the file    -   c) new metadata identified associated with the file    -   d) transfer of access or control of the file from one blockchain        participant to another blockchain participant

FIG. 7D illustrates an embodiment of a block which may represent thestructure of the blocks in the blockchain 790 in accordance with oneembodiment. The block, Block_(i), includes a header 772 _(i), a file 774_(i), and a value 776 _(i).

The header 772 _(i) includes a hash value of a previous blockBlock_(i−1) and additional reference information, which, for example,may be any of the types of information (e.g., header informationincluding references, characteristics, parameters, etc.) discussedherein. All blocks reference the hash of a previous block except, ofcourse, the genesis block. The hash value of the previous block may bejust a hash of the header in the previous block or a hash of all or aportion of the information in the previous block, including the file andmetadata.

The file 774 _(i) includes a plurality of data, such as Data 1, Data 2,. . . , Data N in sequence. The data are tagged with Metadata 1,Metadata 2, . . . , Metadata N which describe the content and/orcharacteristics associated with the data. For example, the metadata foreach data may include information to indicate a timestamp for the data,process the data, keywords indicating the persons or other contentdepicted in the data, and/or other features that may be helpful toestablish the validity and content of the file as a whole, andparticularly its use a digital evidence, for example, as described inconnection with an embodiment discussed below. In addition to themetadata, each data may be tagged with reference REF₁, REF₂, . . . ,REF_(N) to a previous data to prevent tampering, gaps in the file, andsequential reference through the file.

Once the metadata is assigned to the data (e.g., through a smartcontract), the metadata cannot be altered without the hash changing,which can easily be identified for invalidation. The metadata, thus,creates a data log of information that may be accessed for use byparticipants in the blockchain.

The value 776 _(i) is a hash value or other value computed based on anyof the types of information previously discussed. For example, for anygiven block Block_(i), the value for that block may be updated toreflect the processing that was performed for that block, e.g., new hashvalue, new storage location, new metadata for the associated file,transfer of control or access, identifier, or other action orinformation to be added. Although the value in each block is shown to beseparate from the metadata for the data of the file and header, thevalue may be based, in part or whole, on this metadata in anotherembodiment.

Once the blockchain 770 is formed, at any point in time, the immutablechain-of-custody for the file may be obtained by querying the blockchainfor the transaction history of the values across the blocks. This query,or tracking procedure, may begin with decrypting the value of the blockthat is most currently included (e.g., the last (N^(th)) block), andthen continuing to decrypt the value of the other blocks until thegenesis block is reached and the original file is recovered. Thedecryption may involve decrypting the headers and files and associatedmetadata at each block, as well.

Decryption is performed based on the type of encryption that took placein each block. This may involve the use of private keys, public keys, ora public key-private key pair. For example, when asymmetric encryptionis used, blockchain participants or a processor in the network maygenerate a public key and private key pair using a predeterminedalgorithm. The public key and private key are associated with each otherthrough some mathematical relationship. The public key may bedistributed publicly to serve as an address to receive messages fromother users, e.g., an IP address or home address. The private key iskept secret and used to digitally sign messages sent to other blockchainparticipants. The signature is included in the message so that therecipient can verify using the public key of the sender. This way, therecipient can be sure that only the sender could have sent this message.

Generating a key pair may be analogous to creating an account on theblockchain, but without having to actually register anywhere. Also,every transaction that is executed on the blockchain is digitally signedby the sender using their private key. This signature ensures that onlythe owner of the account can track and process (if within the scope ofpermission determined by a smart contract) the file of the blockchain.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate additional examples of use cases forblockchain which may be incorporated and used herein. In particular,FIG. 8A illustrates an example 800 of a blockchain 810 which storesmachine learning (artificial intelligence) data. Machine learning relieson vast quantities of historical data (or training data) to buildpredictive models for accurate prediction on new data. Machine learningsoftware (e.g., neural networks, etc.) can often sift through millionsof records to unearth non-intuitive patterns.

In the example of FIG. 8A, a host platform 820 builds and deploys amachine learning model for predictive monitoring of assets 830. Here,the host platform 820 may be a cloud platform, an industrial server, aweb server, a personal computer, a user device, and the like. Assets 830can be any type of asset (e.g., machine or equipment, etc.) such as anaircraft, locomotive, turbine, medical machinery and equipment, oil andgas equipment, boats, ships, vehicles, and the like. As another example,assets 830 may be non-tangible assets such as stocks, currency, digitalcoins, insurance, or the like.

The blockchain 810 can be used to significantly improve both a trainingprocess 802 of the machine learning model and a predictive process 804based on a trained machine learning model. For example, in 802, ratherthan requiring a data scientist/engineer or other user to collect thedata, historical data may be stored by the assets 830 themselves (orthrough an intermediary, not shown) on the blockchain 810. This cansignificantly reduce the collection time needed by the host platform 820when performing predictive model training. For example, using smartcontracts, data can be directly and reliably transferred straight fromits place of origin to the blockchain 810. By using the blockchain 810to ensure the security and ownership of the collected data, smartcontracts may directly send the data from the assets to the individualsthat use the data for building a machine learning model. This allows forsharing of data among the assets 830.

The collected data may be stored in the blockchain 810 based on aconsensus mechanism. The consensus mechanism pulls in (permissionednodes) to ensure that the data being recorded is verified and accurate.The data recorded is time-stamped, cryptographically signed, andimmutable. It is therefore auditable, transparent, and secure. AddingIoT devices which write directly to the blockchain can, in certain cases(i.e., supply chain, healthcare, logistics, etc.), increase both thefrequency and accuracy of the data being recorded.

Furthermore, training of the machine learning model on the collecteddata may take rounds of refinement and testing by the host platform 820.Each round may be based on additional data or data that was notpreviously considered to help expand the knowledge of the machinelearning model. In 802, the different training and testing steps (andthe data associated therewith) may be stored on the blockchain 810 bythe host platform 820. Each refinement of the machine learning model(e.g., changes in variables, weights, etc.) may be stored on theblockchain 810. This provides verifiable proof of how the model wastrained and what data was used to train the model. Furthermore, when thehost platform 820 has achieved a finally trained model, the resultingmodel may be stored on the blockchain 810.

After the model has been trained, it may be deployed to a liveenvironment where it can make predictions/decisions based on theexecution of the final trained machine learning model. For example, in804, the machine learning model may be used for condition-basedmaintenance (CBM) for an asset such as an aircraft, a wind turbine, ahealthcare machine, and the like. In this example, data fed back fromthe asset 830 may be input the machine learning model and used to makeevent predictions such as failure events, error codes, and the like.Determinations made by the execution of the machine learning model atthe host platform 820 may be stored on the blockchain 810 to provideauditable/verifiable proof. As one non-limiting example, the machinelearning model may predict a future breakdown/failure to a part of theasset 830 and create alert or a notification to replace the part. Thedata behind this decision may be stored by the host platform 820 on theblockchain 810. In one embodiment the features and/or the actionsdescribed and/or depicted herein can occur on or with respect to theblockchain 810.

New transactions for a blockchain can be gathered together into a newblock and added to an existing hash value. This is then encrypted tocreate a new hash for the new block. This is added to the next list oftransactions when they are encrypted, and so on. The result is a chainof blocks that each contain the hash values of all preceding blocks.Computers that store these blocks regularly compare their hash values toensure that they are all in agreement. Any computer that does not agree,discards the records that are causing the problem. This approach is goodfor ensuring tamper-resistance of the blockchain, but it is not perfect.

One way to game this system is for a dishonest user to change the listof transactions in their favor, but in a way that leaves the hashunchanged. This can be done by brute force, in other words by changing arecord, encrypting the result, and seeing whether the hash value is thesame. And if not, trying again and again and again until it finds a hashthat matches. The security of blockchains is based on the belief thatordinary computers can only perform this kind of brute force attack overtime scales that are entirely impractical, such as the age of theuniverse. By contrast, quantum computers are much faster (1000 s oftimes faster) and consequently pose a much greater threat.

FIG. 8B illustrates an example 850 of a quantum-secure blockchain 852which implements quantum key distribution (QKD) to protect against aquantum computing attack. In this example, blockchain users can verifyeach other's identities using QKD. This sends information using quantumparticles such as photons, which cannot be copied by an eavesdropperwithout destroying them. In this way, a sender and a receiver throughthe blockchain can be sure of each other's identity.

In the example of FIG. 8B, four users are present 854, 856, 858, and860. Each of pair of users may share a secret key 862 (i.e., a QKD)between themselves. Since there are four nodes in this example, sixpairs of nodes exists, and therefore six different secret keys 862 areused including QKD_(AB), QKD_(AC), QKD_(AD), QKD_(BC), QKD_(BD), andQKD_(CD). Each pair can create a QKD by sending information usingquantum particles such as photons, which cannot be copied by aneavesdropper without destroying them. In this way, a pair of users canbe sure of each other's identity.

The operation of the blockchain 852 is based on two procedures (i)creation of transactions, and (ii) construction of blocks that aggregatethe new transactions. New transactions may be created similar to atraditional blockchain network. Each transaction may contain informationabout a sender, a receiver, a time of creation, an amount (or value) tobe transferred, a list of reference transactions that justifies thesender has funds for the operation, and the like. This transactionrecord is then sent to all other nodes where it is entered into a poolof unconfirmed transactions. Here, two parties (i.e., a pair of usersfrom among 854-860) authenticate the transaction by providing theirshared secret key 862 (QKD). This quantum signature can be attached toevery transaction making it exceedingly difficult to tamper with. Eachnode checks their entries with respect to a local copy of the blockchain852 to verify that each transaction has sufficient funds. However, thetransactions are not yet confirmed.

Rather than perform a traditional mining process on the blocks, theblocks may be created in a decentralized manner using a broadcastprotocol. At a predetermined period of time (e.g., seconds, minutes,hours, etc.) the network may apply the broadcast protocol to anyunconfirmed transaction thereby to achieve a Byzantine agreement(consensus) regarding a correct version of the transaction. For example,each node may possess a private value (transaction data of thatparticular node). In a first round, nodes transmit their private valuesto each other. In subsequent rounds, nodes communicate the informationthey received in the previous round from other nodes. Here, honest nodesare able to create a complete set of transactions within a new block.This new block can be added to the blockchain 852. In one embodiment thefeatures and/or the actions described and/or depicted herein can occuron or with respect to the blockchain 852.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example system 900 that supports one or more ofthe example embodiments described and/or depicted herein. The system 900comprises a computer system/server 902, which is operational withnumerous other general purpose or special purpose computing systemenvironments or configurations. Examples of well-known computingsystems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable foruse with computer system/server 902 include, but are not limited to,personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thickclients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumerelectronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computersystems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include anyof the above systems or devices, and the like.

Computer system/server 902 may be described in the general context ofcomputer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer system. Generally, program modules may includeroutines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and soon that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. Computer system/server 902 may be practiced in distributed cloudcomputing environments where tasks are performed by remote processingdevices that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be locatedin both local and remote computer system storage media including memorystorage devices.

As shown in FIG. 9 , computer system/server 902 in cloud computing node900 is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. Thecomponents of computer system/server 902 may include, but are notlimited to, one or more processors or processing units 904, a systemmemory 906, and a bus that couples various system components includingsystem memory 906 to processor 904.

The bus represents one or more of any of several types of busstructures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheralbus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus usingany of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and notlimitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture(ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA)bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, andPeripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Computer system/server 902 typically includes a variety of computersystem readable media. Such media may be any available media that isaccessible by computer system/server 902, and it includes both volatileand non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. System memory906, in one embodiment, implements the flow diagrams of the otherfigures. The system memory 906 can include computer system readablemedia in the form of volatile memory, such as random-access memory (RAM)910 and/or cache memory 912. Computer system/server 902 may furtherinclude other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computersystem storage media. By way of example only, storage system 914 can beprovided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatilemagnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Althoughnot shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to aremovable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and anoptical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable,non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other opticalmedia can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to thebus by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depictedand described below, memory 906 may include at least one program producthaving a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configuredto carry out the functions of various embodiments of the application.

Program/utility 916, having a set (at least one) of program modules 918,may be stored in memory 906 by way of example, and not limitation, aswell as an operating system, one or more application programs, otherprogram modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one ormore application programs, other program modules, and program data orsome combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networkingenvironment. Program modules 918 generally carry out the functionsand/or methodologies of various embodiments of the application asdescribed herein.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentapplication may be embodied as a system, method, or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present application may take theform of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present application may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Computer system/server 902 may also communicate with one or moreexternal devices 920 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display922, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact withcomputer system/server 902; and/or any devices (e.g., network card,modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 902 to communicate withone or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur viaI/O interfaces 924. Still yet, computer system/server 902 cancommunicate with one or more networks such as a local area network(LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g.,the Internet) via network adapter 926. As depicted, network adapter 926communicates with the other components of computer system/server 902 viaa bus. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardwareand/or software components could be used in conjunction with computersystem/server 902. Examples include, but are not limited to, microcode,device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays,RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

Although an exemplary embodiment of at least one of a system, method,and non-transitory computer readable medium has been illustrated in theaccompanied drawings and described in the foregoing detaileddescription, it will be understood that the application is not limitedto the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements,modifications, and substitutions as set forth and defined by thefollowing claims. For example, the capabilities of the system of thevarious figures can be performed by one or more of the modules orcomponents described herein or in a distributed architecture and mayinclude a transmitter, receiver or pair of both. For example, all orpart of the functionality performed by the individual modules, may beperformed by one or more of these modules. Further, the functionalitydescribed herein may be performed at various times and in relation tovarious events, internal or external to the modules or components. Also,the information sent between various modules can be sent between themodules via at least one of: a data network, the Internet, a voicenetwork, an Internet Protocol network, a wireless device, a wired deviceand/or via plurality of protocols. Also, the messages sent or receivedby any of the modules may be sent or received directly and/or via one ormore of the other modules.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that a “system” could be embodiedas a personal computer, a server, a console, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a cell phone, a tablet computing device, a smartphoneor any other suitable computing device, or combination of devices.Presenting the above-described functions as being performed by a“system” is not intended to limit the scope of the present applicationin any way but is intended to provide one example of many embodiments.Indeed, methods, systems and apparatuses disclosed herein may beimplemented in localized and distributed forms consistent with computingtechnology.

It should be noted that some of the system features described in thisspecification have been presented as modules, in order to moreparticularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, amodule may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom verylarge-scale integration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelfsemiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discretecomponents. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardwaredevices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable arraylogic, programmable logic devices, graphics processing units, or thelike.

A module may also be at least partially implemented in software forexecution by various types of processors. An identified unit ofexecutable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical orlogical blocks of computer instructions that may, for instance, beorganized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, theexecutables of an identified module need not be physically locatedtogether but may comprise disparate instructions stored in differentlocations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module andachieve the stated purpose for the module. Further, modules may bestored on a computer-readable medium, which may be, for instance, a harddisk drive, flash device, random access memory (RAM), tape, or any othersuch medium used to store data.

Indeed, a module of executable code could be a single instruction, ormany instructions, and may even be distributed over several differentcode segments, among different programs, and across several memorydevices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustratedherein within modules and may be embodied in any suitable form andorganized within any suitable type of data structure. The operationaldata may be collected as a single data set or may be distributed overdifferent locations including over different storage devices, and mayexist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system ornetwork.

It will be readily understood that the components of the application, asgenerally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may bearranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.Thus, the detailed description of the embodiments is not intended tolimit the scope of the application as claimed but is merelyrepresentative of selected embodiments of the application.

One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that theabove may be practiced with steps in a different order, and/or withhardware elements in configurations that are different than those whichare disclosed. Therefore, although the application has been describedbased upon these preferred embodiments, it would be apparent to those ofskill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternativeconstructions would be apparent.

While preferred embodiments of the present application have beendescribed, it is to be understood that the embodiments described areillustrative only and the scope of the application is to be definedsolely by the appended claims when considered with a full range ofequivalents and modifications (e.g., protocols, hardware devices,software platforms etc.) thereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a hardware processorconfigured to receive a request to verify a first encrypted documentfrom a computing device, generate a first vector that includes aplurality of values identifying a plurality of unique words in the firstencrypted document and a plurality of frequency of occurrence valuespaired with the plurality of unique words, respectively, which representa respective frequency of occurrence of each respective unique word inthe first encrypted document, retrieve, from a blockchain ledger, asecond vector comprising a second plurality of values identifying aplurality of unique words in a second encrypted document and a pluralityof frequency of occurrence values paired with the plurality of uniquewords, respectively, which represent a respective frequency ofoccurrence of each respective unique word in the first encrypteddocument, determine that the first encrypted document and the second setof encrypted tokens in is similar to the second encrypted document basedon a comparison of the first vector and the second vector, and outputdata about the determination to the computing device in response to therequest.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hardware processor isconfigured to determine a similarity value between the first and secondencrypted documents based on encrypted frequency of occurrence values inthe first vector and encrypted frequency of occurrence values in thesecond vector.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the hardwareprocessor is further configured to tokenize a first document into aplurality of unique tokens, and encrypt each token based on a unique keyderived from the respective token to generate the first vector.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 3, wherein the hardware processor is configured togenerate a unique key for each respective token based on a hash of therespective token.
 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the hardwareprocessor is further configured to identify an occurrence value of atoken within the first document, encrypt the occurrence value via anorder preserving encryption scheme, and store the encrypted occurrencevalue with the first vector.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein therequest comprises a request to store the first encrypted document to theblockchain ledger, and the hardware processor is further configured toblock the first encrypted document from storage on the blockchain ledgerin response to the determination.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe hardware processor is further configured to remove one or more stopwords from the first encrypted document before generating the firstvector.
 8. A method comprising: receiving a request to verify a firstencrypted document from a computing device; generating a first vectorthat includes a plurality of values identifying a plurality of uniquewords in the first encrypted document and a plurality of frequency ofoccurrence values paired with the plurality of unique words,respectively, which represent a respective frequency of occurrence ofeach respective unique word in the first encrypted document; retrieving,from a blockchain ledger, a second vector comprising a second pluralityof values identifying a plurality of unique words in a second encrypteddocument and a plurality of frequency of occurrence values paired withthe plurality of unique words, respectively, which represent arespective frequency of occurrence of each respective unique word in thefirst encrypted document; determining that the first encrypted documentand the second set of encrypted tokens in is similar to the secondencrypted document based on a comparison of the first vector and thesecond vector; and outputting data about the determination to thecomputing device in response to the request.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein the determining further comprises determining a similarity valuebetween the first and second encrypted documents based on encryptedfrequency of occurrence values in the first vector and encryptedfrequency of occurrence values in the second vector.
 10. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising tokenizing a first document into a pluralityof unique tokens, and encrypting each token based on a unique keyderived from the respective token to generate the first vector.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the tokenizing further comprises generatingthe unique key for the respective token based on a hash of therespective token.
 12. The method of claim 10, further comprisingidentifying an occurrence value of a token within the first document,encrypting the occurrence value using an order preserving encryptionscheme, and storing the encrypted occurrence value with the firstvector.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the request comprises arequest to store the first encrypted document to the blockchain ledger,and the method further comprises blocking the first encrypted documentfrom storage on the blockchain ledger in response to the determination.14. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises removingone or more stop words from the first encrypted document beforegenerating the first vector.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readablemedium comprising instructions which when executed by a processor causea computer to perform a method comprising: receiving a request to verifya first encrypted document from a computing device; generating a firstvector that includes a plurality of values identifying a plurality ofunique words in the first encrypted document and a plurality offrequency of occurrence values paired with the plurality of uniquewords, respectively, which represent a respective frequency ofoccurrence of each respective unique word in the first encrypteddocument; retrieving, from a blockchain ledger, a second vectorcomprising a second plurality of values identifying a plurality ofunique words in a second encrypted document and a plurality of frequencyof occurrence values paired with the plurality of unique words,respectively, which represent a respective frequency of occurrence ofeach respective unique word in the first encrypted document; determiningthat the first encrypted document is similar to the second encrypteddocument based on a comparison of the first vector and the secondvector; and outputting data about the determination to the computingdevice in response to the request.
 16. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the determining comprisesdetermining a similarity value between the first and second encrypteddocuments based on encrypted frequency of occurrence values in the firstvector and encrypted frequency of occurrence values in the secondvector.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15,wherein the method further comprises tokenizing a first document into aplurality of unique tokens, and encrypting each token based on a uniquekey derived from the respective token to generate the first vector. 18.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein thetokenizing further comprises generating the unique key for therespective token based on a hash of the respective token.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the methodfurther comprises identifying an occurrence value of a token within thefirst document, encrypting the occurrence value using an orderpreserving encryption scheme, and storing the encrypted occurrence valuewith the first vector.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable mediumof claim 15, wherein the request comprises a request to store the firstencrypted document to the blockchain ledger, and the method furthercomprises blocking the first encrypted document from storage on theblockchain ledger in response to the determination.